Cervix, vagina and vulva

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The cervix is a narrow canal about 2.5 cm long that connects the body of the uterus to the vagina. It is divided into a supravaginal part (endocervix) found superior to the vagina, and a vaginal part (ectocervix) which projects into the vagina. The cervix has many functions, such as facilitating passage of sperm, providing a physical barrier from pathogens and foreign objects, and maintaining physical integrity as the uterus enlarges during pregnancy. The cervix directly communicates with the vagina, which is the most distal part of the internal female genitalia.

The vagina is a flexible muscular canal that has a variety of functions, including menstruation, childbirth, and sexual intercourse. It is situated in the lesser pelvis, lying between the urinary bladder anteriorly, and the rectum posteriorly. It measures about 8 to 10 cm long, extending from the cervix of the uterus to the external genitalia.

The vulva is a collection of structures that represents the external part of the female reproductive system (external genitalia) surrounding the vaginal orifice. It consists of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, external orifice of the urethra, vestibule of vagina, vestibular bulb, hymen and vestibular (Bartholin) glands. The vulva plays a role in stimulation and arousal during sexual intercourse, while also protecting the internal organs of the female reproductive system.

Watch the following video to learn more about these important parts of the female reproductive system.

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Browse atlas

Take a closer look at each of the structures in this region in the gallery below!

Summary