Overview and surface anatomy of the brainstem

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The brainstem is a stalk-like projection which extends caudally from the base of the diencephalon, connecting it with the spinal cord. It is the oldest part of the brain and is composed of three parts: the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.  

The midbrain is the shortest segment of the brainstem. It extends caudally from the base of the the diencephalon to the pons. Its functions are associated with motor coordination (in particular eye movements), visual and auditory processing, arousal/consciousness as well as behavioural responses to fear and danger. 

The pons is located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata and forms the largest component of the brainstem. It houses the nuclei of cranial nerves V-VIII, as well as the pontine nuclei which facilitate corticopontocerebellar communication. It also participates in the regulation of sleep and breathing.

The medulla oblongata is the narrowest and most caudal part of the brainstem. It has a tapered appearance that extends from the pons to the spinal cord. It houses the nuclei of cranial nerves IX-X, and XII, and is involved in controlling respiratory function, the cardiovascular system, as well as gastrointestinal and digestive activities. 

Find out more about the surface anatomy of the brainstem from an anterior view by watching the video below.

Take a closer look now at the surface anatomy of the brainstem from a dorsal perspective.

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Take a closer look at the surface anatomy of the brainstem in the galleries.

Summary